Measured (white columns) and simulated (yellow columns) hemodynamic variables (for seven different patients) before cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), within seven days since CRT and within six months since CRT. The CRT was realized using biventricular pacemaker (BPM) in order to reduce inter-ventricular and/or intra-ventricular conduction delay. ESV (EDV) is the left end systolic (diastolic) ventricular volume. PAPs (PAP) is the systolic (mean) pulmonary arterial pressure. EF is the ejection fraction. In Table are reported also the measured inter-ventricular and intra-ventricular conduction delay.
The patients were submitted to echocardiographic evaluation (with pulsate Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging) and electrocardiography evaluation in order to evaluate intra-ventricular and/or inter-ventricular dyssynchrony. These evaluations were made three times: the first one before BPM implantation, the second and the third one respectively within seven days and six months after BPM implantation.

Screen output produced by the software simulator. For the patient #5, the hemodynamic conditions before (A) and six months since (B) BPM implantation are reproduced. In the pressure-volume plain the cardiac cycle of the left ventricle has been represented. ESPVR (EDPVR) is the end systolic (end diastolic) pressure volume relationship line. In the screen software representation Pas is the mean (evaluated during the cardiac cycle) systolic arterial pressure, Pap is the mean pulmonary arterial pressure, Qlia (Qria) is the input flow of the left (right) atrium. Ves (Ved) represents the end systolic (diastolic) ventricular volume, SV is the stroke volume. “LV-Septum Delay” represents the intra-ventricular delay time and “LV-RV Delay” represents the inter-ventricular delay time. Vlv is the left ventricular volume.

The Table shows the measured ECG parameters in seven patients before cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), within seven days since CRT and within six months since CRT. In Table the patients electrocardiographic parameters are: PQ, QRS and QT duration.